Spain is among the countries where a higher number of phytosanitary products are used within the EU, among which only a very small fraction-0.07% of fungicides and 2.08% of insecticides/acaricides-are of natural (microbiological or botanical) origin. They can be used as a sustainable strategy in organic farms where pesticides are banned and show a high efficacy against resistant pathogens. They can be bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes, mites or insects and have increasingly drawn interest as promising alternatives or as a supplementary way to reduce the use of synthetic pesticides and to ensure environmental and food safety. However, their use is allowed in other countries.Ī biological control agent (BCA) is an organism, other than a human being, that is able to control a phytopathogen or weed or at least reduce their action.
All these pesticides have been banned in the EU. Mancozeb-used for the control of diseases, such as mildew, Botrytis, rust infections, etc., in different plants-has been prohibited because it presents a high risk to birds, mammals, non-target arthropods and soil macroorganisms. However, its use has been prohibited because it and some of its derivatives, e.g., chlorpyrifos-methyl-13, have been related to fetus damage caused during neurological development. Another example of a pesticide is Chlorpyrifos, which has been used as a broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide to control insects of the order Hemiptera, such as aphids, larvae of Coleoptera, etc. Another pesticide that has been banned in the EU is Chlorothalonil, based on its very low to moderate persistence in inoculated soils, despite its low risk to soil macro- or microorganisms and its demonstrated efficacy against a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens (EFSA, 2018). Moreover, it presented a high risk for aquatic organisms or mammals. For example, since 2019, the use of the herbicide Diquat is no longer approved by the EU due to its high persistence in soil under aerobic conditions. However, it has been proven that some pesticides can remain in the soil for long periods of time, altering the development of organisms in the rhizosphere and affecting plants, human and animal health. A total of 160,660 tons of fungicides and bactericides were used in the European Union (EU) in 2019 (Spain, France and Italy being the highest consumers, representing 51.56% of the EU) 56,669 tons of insecticides and acaricides (Germany, Turkey and Spain, with 67.74% of the EU) and 128,121 tons of herbicides (France, Spain and Germany, representing 41.72% of the EU). Until now, pesticides of chemical synthesis have been used mainly to control pests, diseases and adventitious plants. In this sense, the reduction in chemical measures by using natural production techniques is more highly appreciated by consumers. Thus, it is necessary to look for production techniques that guarantee consumer safety and environmental sustainability. In conclusion, conventional pesticides indiscriminately used to control pests, diseases and weeds could reduce the development of autochthonous Trichoderma strains, especially fungicides and herbicides.įood consumption must not only be guided by aspects related to the safety of the product but must also be healthy, nutritious and environmentally friendly. Conventional pesticides modified the development of all autochthonous Trichoderma strains, demonstrating that not only do they affect weeds, fungus or pests but also rhizosphere microorganisms. So, the combination of the autochthonous Trichoderma strains with these organic pesticides will be a positive strategy to apply in the field to control pests and some diseases. Sulfur encouraged the growth of all autochthonous strains assayed, and the combination Trichoderma- B. The aim of this research was to analyze the compatibility of autochthonous Trichoderma strains with different synthetic fungicides, acaricides, insecticides (including an entomopathogenic fungus) and herbicides.
However, it has been shown that some pesticides can remain in the soil for long periods of time, thus affecting the development of organisms in the rhizosphere as well as human health, which are two of the most noteworthy side effects.
Pesticides of chemical synthesis have mainly been used to control pests, diseases and adventitious plants up until now.
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